Effects of different koji on aroma components of Rice Wine (2024)

Original ArticleFood Sci. Technol 43 2023https://doi.org/10.1590/fst.127822 copy

    Aroma composition is critical to the quality of rice wine. In order to clarify the effect of different koji on the aroma components of rice wine. The Yuanyang rice was selected as raw material, and three kinds of rice wine koji were added during rice wine fermentation. The aroma components of three wine samples fermented at 31 °C for nine days were qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed by headspace solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS). The results showed that a total of 81 aroma components were detected in the three groups of wine samples, including 30 esters, 18 alcohols, 4 acids and 29 other organic substances. The ester with the most content was ethyl palmitic acid, and the alcohol with the most content was ethanol. Therefore, the amount and type of esters, the ratio and interaction among esters, alcohols and acids in wine play an important role in the sensory quality of rice wine, and the joint action of various aroma components affects the quality of rice wine.

    Keywords:
    rice wine; brewing koji; headspace solid-phase microextraction; Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry; aroma components

    Rice wine originated during the Yangshao culture period and is one of the oldest low-alcohol beverages in the world. Chinese rice wine is a low-alcohol beverage obtained by the natural fermentation of glutinous rice, rice, red rice, black rice, and other grains with koji and water (Jiao et al., 2017Jiao, A. Q., Xu, X. M., & Jin, Z. G. (2017). Research progress on the brewing techniques of new-type rice wine.Food Chemistry, 215, 508-515. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.08.014. PMid:27542505.
    http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.201...
    ; Wei et al., 2017Wei, X. L., Liu, S. P., Yu, J. S., Yu, Y. J., Zhu, S. H., Zhou, Z. L., Hu, J., & Mao, J. (2017). Innovation Chinese rice wine brewing technology by bi-acidification to exclude rice soaking process.Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering, 123(4), 460-465. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiosc.2016.11.014. PMid:28043775.
    http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiosc.2016....
    ). It is reported that rice wine contains many beneficial ingredients such as protein, amino acid, polypeptide, and lactic acid, as well as various minerals such as calcium, zinc, and phosphorus (Wang et al., 2018Wang, W. J., Zhao, L. Y., & Tang, J. (2018). Research and development progress of new tyep rice wine products.China Brewing, 37(5), 1-4. http://dx.doi.org/10.11882/j.issn.0254-5071.2018.05.001.
    http://dx.doi.org/10.11882/j.issn.0254-5...
    ). In addition, rice wine has anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effects, so many domestic and foreign tourists and wine lovers have always loved it (Lee et al., 2018Lee, J., Lee, Y., Ha, J., Yoo, M., & Jang, H. W. (2018). Simultaneous determination of four bioactive compounds in Korean rice wine (makgeolli) by solvent extraction coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.International Journal of Food Properties, 21(1), 139-161. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10942912.2017.1414841.
    http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10942912.2017....
    ).

    With the continuous improvement of people's living standards, the commercial value of rice wine is also continuously improved, so it is necessary to study rice wine. Koji is one of the important auxiliary materials for wine-making, including microorganisms needed for wine-making, saccharifying agent, starter and aroma-producing agent of wine, and an important parameter in the fermentation process of rice wine (Cheng et al., 2020Cheng, L., Cheng, J., Wang, Q., Li, Y.J., & Lin, N. Y. (2020). Research progress on the effect of Jiuqu microbial flora on the flavor of brewed alcoholic drink.China Brewing, 39(10), 1-4. http://dx.doi.org/10.11882/j.issn.0254-5071.2020.10.001.
    http://dx.doi.org/10.11882/j.issn.0254-5...
    ). There are many kinds of rice wine koji on the market, and the taste and flavor of fermented rice wine are also different. In the food industry, it is undoubtedly necessary to strengthen the quality control of rice wine and the development of rice wine products. It is also necessary to make consumers quickly perceive the importance of new products. The development of mascarpone cheese using sheep milk resulted in an innovative and differentiated product with enhanced functional properties, texture and flavors (Munieweg et al., 2021Munieweg, F. R., Gaviao, E. R., Czarnobay, M., Dilda, A., Stefani, L. D. M., & Nespolo, C. R. (2021). Mascarpone cheese from sheep’s milk: a new option for the consumer.Food Science and Technology (Campinas), 41(Suppl. 2), 568-575. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/fst.32420.
    http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/fst.32420...
    ). Sensory evaluation is an important reference index in food research and development, and commonly used sensory evaluation methods are Quantitative Descriptive Analysis (QDA) and Check-All-That-Apply (CATA) (Lima et al., 2022Lima, C. Q., Becker, J., Steinbach, J., Burgardt, V. D. D., Machado-Lunkes, A., Marchi, J. F., Cislaghi, F. P. C., & Mitterer-Daltoé, M. L. (2022). Understanding the sensory profile of cheese ripeness description by trained and untrained assessors.Food Science and Technology, 42, e09922. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/fst.09922.
    http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/fst.09922...
    ). The types and relative contents of flavor substances in rice wine are related to many factors, such as raw materials, koji (Jiuqu) and brewing conditions. The study found differences in the quality of rice wine prepared by different koji (Zhao et al., 2019Zhao, H. J., Zhu, K. F., Zhong, X. D., & Guo, Z. (2019). Study on the effect of different koji and roasted time on rice wine taste.Cereals & Oils, 32(7), 67-70.). Chen et al. (2021Chen, L. H., Li, D. N., Ren, L. X., Song, S. Q., Ma, X., & Rong, Y. Z. (2021). Effects of simultaneous and sequential cofermentation of Wickerhamomyces anomalus and Saccharomyces cerevisiae on physicochemical and flavor properties of rice wine.Food Science & Nutrition, 9(1), 71-86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.1899. PMid:33473272.
    http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.1899...
    ) studied the interaction of microorganisms in rice wine and the changes in physicochemical and aroma components of rice wine through different inoculation strategies. The results showed that inoculation methods and non-yeast had effects on the volatile acid, total acid and alcohol content of rice wine. There are many volatile aroma components in rice wine, including acids, alcohols, esters, phenols, etc. The type, content, sensory threshold, and interaction between these components determine the flavor of rice wine. Some researchers have determined the volatile components in beverage wine by headspace-solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS) (Cai et al., 2020Cai, W. C., Tang, F. X., Guo, Z., Guo, X., Zhang, Q., Zhao, X. X., Ning, M., & Shan, C. (2020). Effects of pretreatment methods and leaching methods on jujube wine quality detected by electronic senses and HS-SPME-GC-MS.Food Chemistry, 330, 127330. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127330. PMid:32569941.
    http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.202...
    ; Pati et al., 2021Pati, S., Tufariello, M., Crupi, P., Coletta, A., Grieco, F., & Losito, I. (2021). Quantification of volatile compounds in wines by HS-SPME-GC/MS: critical issues and use of multivariate statistics in method optimization.Processes (Basel, Switzerland), 9(4), 662. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9040662.
    http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9040662...
    ; Philipp et al., 2019Philipp, C., Nauer, S., Sari, S., Eder, P., Patzl-Fischerleitner, E., & Eder, R. (2019). Quantification of 38 volatile ester compounds by means of SIDA-HS-SPME-GC-MS in ‘Pinot blanc’ wines and comparison with other important Austrian varieties.Mitteilungen Klosterneuburg, 69(2), 93-114.; Tufariello et al., 2022Tufariello, M., Pati, S., Palombi, L., Grieco, F., & Losito, I. (2022). Use of multivariate statistics in the processing of data on wine volatile compounds obtained by HS-SPME-GC-MS.Foods, 11(7), 910. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods11070910. PMid:35406997.
    http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods11070910...
    ).However, there are few studies on the effects of different koji on the aroma components of rice wine. This paper aims to identify the aroma components of rice wine brewed by three kinds of koji by headspace solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS), so as to provide a scientific basis for further research on the quality control of rice wine. The data presented for production of rice wine can be used to develop similar products in food industries.

    2.1 Materials

    Rice (Henan Province Xinsheng Rice Industry Co., Ltd.); Suzhou bee sweet wine koji, (Suzhou Cereals, Oils and Foodstuffs Co., Ltd.); Septuagenarian mash lees sweet wine koji (Sichuan Dazhu Dongliubai traditional handmade plant sweet wine koji), Wine cakes (Ziguixiang Food limited company)

    2.2 Instruments and equipment

    Agilent 7890A-5977A gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (Agilent Technologies Co., Ltd.); KQ-250B ultrasonic cleaner (Kunshan Ultrasonic Instrument Co., Ltd.); PC-400D Magnetic heating stirrer (Supelco, USA); 65 μm PDMS/DVB solid-phase microextraction head (Supelco, USA); Agilent WAX type strong polar chromatography column (30 m × 0.25 mm × 0.25 μm) (Agilent Technologies, Inc., USA)

    2.3 Experimental method

    Rice wine processing process

    Rice→bubble rice→Steamed rice→drenched in cold→mixed with koji→pour into the tank→build a nest→fermentation→rice wine.

    Pretreatment and extraction of aroma components

    The aroma components of three rice wine samples were obtained by HS-SPME. About 6 mL rice wine was introduced into a 20 mL HS vial. The fiber was coated with 65 μm polydimethylsiloxane/divinylbenzene (PDMS/DVB), which is usually used for the absorption of volatile aroma components. The sample was maintained at 60 °C for 20 min. During the sampling time, the sample was stirred at a constant speed of 200 rpm. Following HS extraction, SPME fibers were injected into the GC apparatus and then maintained in the GC inlet for 3 min.

    GC-MS analysis

    Chromatographic conditions: chromatographic column, Agilent WAX type strong polar chromatographic column (30 m × 0.25 mm × 0.25 um). The injector temperature was 240 °C, and the split ratio was 1:1. High-purity helium (99.999%) was used as the carrier gas at a flow rate of 1.5 mL/min. The GC oven temperature was then programmed as follows: initial temperature 35 °C for 2 min, 4 °C/min Raise to 220 °C for 2 min, 4 °C/min to 240 °C for 8min. And the injection volume is 0.5 μL. The mass spectrometer was fitted with an EI+ source operated at 70 eV with a source temperature of 230 °C, and mass spectra were recorded in the range of m/z 40-500 amu in full-scan acquisition mode.

    Aroma components were identified based on their retention indices and by comparison of their mass spectral fragmentation patterns with those reported in the literature and stored in the MS library.

    3.1 GC-MS analysis of volatile aroma components of rice wine brewed from different koji

    Koji and rice are combined in a ratio of 1:100 and fermented according to the method described in Section 2.3 "Rice wine processing process". The rice wine fermented by three kinds of koji was detected and analyzed by GC-MS. The GC-MS total ion chromatograms of the aroma components are shown in Figures 1 -3, and the peak area content of each aroma component is shown in Table 1 according to NIST11 search.

    Effects of different koji on aroma components of Rice Wine (1)

    Figure 1
    Total ion chromatogram of volatile components in wine cake fermented rice wine.

    Effects of different koji on aroma components of Rice Wine (2)

    Figure 2
    Total ion flow diagram of volatile components of fermented rice wine from fermented glutinous rice.

    Effects of different koji on aroma components of Rice Wine (3)

    Figure 3
    Total ion chromatogram of volatile components in bee fermented rice wine.

    Table 1
    Aroma components of rice wine fermented with different koji.

    According to the experimental data, the aroma components detected by the three kinds of koji under the same fermentation conditions can be divided into esters, alcohols, acids and others. It can be seen from Table 1 that the content of esters and alcohols in the samples of the three koji is high. This shows that esters and alcohols are important components in rice wine. The ethanol content in the rice wine samples added with the koji type of wine cakes, fermented glutinous rice and bee is 52.5054%,58.0068%, and 59.0175%, respectively.

    3.2 Analysis of volatile aroma components and relative content of rice wine brewed from different koji

    The types and contents of the main volatile aroma components in rice wine brewed by different koji types also vary greatly. After adding wine cakes koji, 43 kinds of organic matter were detected after fermentation. Among them, there are 18 kinds of esters, including ethyl hexanoate, ethyl nonanoate, ethyl octanoate, diethyl succinate, ethyl decanoate, trimethylene acetate, ethyl laurate, 2-methoxy isopropyl cyanoacetate, ethyl myristate, phenylethyl acetate, ethyl palmitate, ethyl N-ethylcarbamate, isoamyl acetate, 2-Hydroxypropionate ethyl ester, 9-Hexadecenoicacid, ethyl Oleate, methyl 17-methyl stearate, ethyl linoleate. The relative content is 21.65%. There are 8 kinds of alcohols, including ethanol, isoamyl alcohol, isobutanol, 2,3-butanediol, 1,2-Propanediol, phenylethyl alcohol, glycerol, and furfuryl alcohol, with a relative content of 72.55%. Other organic substances include n-pentadecane, n-hexadecane, acetic acid, hexanoic acid, octanoic acid, palmitic acid, caryophyllene, 3,3,5-trimethylcycloethylamine, 2-methylthiolane, naphthalene, 2-methylnaphthalene, acetal, 3-ethoxy-1-propanol, 4-ethylphenol, 2-methoxy-4-vinylphenol, benzaldehyde, 2-furaldehyde. The relative content of acid is 1.4169%.

    After adding fermented glutinous rice koji, 51 substances were detected after fermentation. Among them, there are 21 kinds of esters, including ethyl acetate, ethyl heptanoate, isoamyl acetate, ethyl lactate, ethyl laurate, ethyl hexanoate, ethyl octanoate, hexyl formate, ethyl decanoate, ethyl trans-4-decenoate, ethyl nonanoate, diethyl succinate, methyl α-methyl, phenylethyl acetate, ethyl phenylacetate, ethyl myristate, ethyl palmitate, ethyl linoleate, ethyl pentadecenoate, ethyl oleate, and the relative content is 20.9085%. There are 12 kinds of alcohols, including ethanol, 1-butanol, isobutanol, 1-octen-3-ol, isoamyl alcohol, 1-heptanol, diisobutylcarbinol, 2,3-butanediol, 1- nonanol, 1-octanol, phenylethyl alcohol, 3-methylthiopropanol, the relative content is 73.9616%; other organic substances include n-hexadecane, nonadecane, acetic acid, hexanoic acid, naphthalene, 2-methylnaphthalene, 2-pentylfuran, styrene, methyltetrahydrothiophene, 2-methoxy-4-vinylphenol, 4-ethylphenol, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, 3-octanone, 2,5-dithiobiurea, 2-furaldehyde, 1-nonanal, hexanal, dicyclohexano-18-crown-6 (mixture isomeres), the relative content is 2.7612%. Among them, the relative content of acid is 1.6765%.

    After adding bee wine koji, 46 kinds of substances were detected in rice wine after fermentation. There are 17 kinds of esters, including isoamyl acetate, ethyl hexanoate, ethyl undecanoate, ethyl decanoate, ethyl trans-4-decenoate, ethyl heptanoate, diethyl succinate, ethyl laurate, phenylethyl acetate, ethyl myristate, Ethyl L(-)-lactate, ethyl oleate, ethyl palmitate, isopentyl formate, ethyl linoleate, ethyl nonanoate, ethyl linoleate, the total relative content is 22.1271% ;10 alcohols, including ethanol, n-hexyl alcohol, 2,3-butanediol, 1-octen-3-ol, (2S,3S)-(+)-2,3-butanediol, isobutyl alcohol, trans-2-octen-1-ol, 3-methylthiopropanol, 1-nonanol, phenylethyl alcohol, the total relative content is 69.91%. Others include n-pentadecane, n-hexadecane, acetic acid, hexanoic acid, octanoic acid, 2-furaldehyde, naphthalene, 1-methylnaphthalene, 2-methylnaphthalene, diisopentyl ether, diglycerol, diisoamylamine, methyltetrahydrothiophene, 3-octanone, geranylacetone, 4-ethylphenol, 2-methoxy-4-vinylphenol, azidotrimethylsilane, trimethylethoxysilane, the total relative content is 4.9279%. The relative content of acid is 2.9411%.

    3.3 Analysis of volatile aroma components in rice wine brewed from different koji

    Esters

    Ester aroma compounds are mainly generated by the esterification of alcohols and organic acids during fermentation and distillation (Lee et al., 2015Lee, J. W., Kang, S. A., & Cheong, C. (2015). Quality characteristics of distilled alcohols prepared with different fermenting agents.Journal of the Korean Society for Applied Biological Chemistry, 58(2), 275-283. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13765-015-0028-8.
    http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13765-015-002...
    ). Esters are one of rice wine's most abundant and important aromatic compounds (Chen et al., 2013Chen, S., Xu, Y., & Qian, M. C. (2013). Aroma characterization of chinese rice wine by gas chromatography-olfactometry, chemical quantitative analysis, and aroma reconstitution.Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 61(47), 11295-11302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf4030536. PMid:24099139.
    http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf4030536...
    , 2018Chen, S., Xu, Y., & Qian, M. C. (2018). Comparison of the aromatic profile of traditional and modern types of Huang Jiu (Chinese rice wine) by aroma extract dilution analysis and chemical analysis.Flavour and Fragrance Journal, 33(3), 263-271. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ffj.3440.
    http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ffj.3440...
    ). Three different wine samples detected a total of 30 esters, of which ethyl palmitate had the highest relative content. The relative content of ethyl palmitate bee wine samples was 6.0327%. The relative content in the fermented glutinous rice sample was 5.7204%, and the wine cakes were the lowest, with a relative content of 5.0291%. Ethyl lactate and ethyl acetate are the main aroma components in rice wine. Ethyl lactate is mainly consumed by lactic acid bacteria to consume a large number of carbohydrates through the fermentation of the hexose phosphate pathway to produce lactic acid; lactic acid in yeast esterase catalyzed in yeast cells acyl-CoA combined with ethanol produced by yeast and formed can increase the fruity and creamy aroma of the wine. In the middle and late stages of rice wine fermentation, acetic acid and high concentration ethanol esterification reaction under the action of yeast endoesterase to generate ethyl acetate, which can increase the fruity aroma of the wine, give the wine a pleasant aroma, and help the formation of rice wine flavor (Zhou, 2016Zhou, B. L. (2016). Research of microorganism functional mechanism in production of soybean-flavor liquor.Modern Food, (10), 53-55. http://dx.doi.org/10.16736/j.cnki.cn41-1434/ts.2016.10.019.
    http://dx.doi.org/10.16736/j.cnki.cn41-1...
    ). Most esters have floral and fruity aromas, mainly produced by yeast metabolism and esterification reactions (Cao et al., 2020Cao, Y. X., Wu, Z. F., & Weng, P. F. (2020). Comparison of bayberry fermented wine aroma from different cultivars by GC-MS combined with electronic nose analysis.Food Science & Nutrition, 8(2), 830-840. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.1343. PMid:32148792.
    http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.1343...
    ). For example, ethyl octanoate exhibits typical fruity and brandy aromas, and ethyl decanoate has a strong coconut aroma, furthermore, ethyl palmitate has a creamy aroma and a faint waxy aroma (Lu et al., 2022Lu, L., Mi, J., Chen, X. Y., Luo, Q., Li, X. Y., He, J., Zhao, R., Jin, B., Yan, Y., & Cao, Y. (2022). Analysis on volatile components of co-fermented fruit wines by Lycium ruthenicum murray and wine grapes.Food Science and Technology, 42, e12321. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/fst.12321.
    http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/fst.12321...
    ).

    Alcohol compounds

    Alcohols, also known as fusel alcohols, are metabolites synthesized by yeast during alcoholic fermentation (Dzialo et al., 2017Dzialo, M. C., Park, R., Steensels, J., Lievens, B., & Verstrepen, K. J. (2017). Physiology, ecology and industrial applications of aroma formation in yeast.FEMS Microbiology Reviews, 41(Suppl. 1), S95-S128. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/femsre/fux031. PMid:28830094.
    http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/femsre/fux031...
    ). Microbial fermentation, conversion of amino acids and oxidation of linolenic acid degradation products are the main sources of volatile alcohols in the fermentation broth (Sun et al., 2018Sun, J. Y., Li, Q. Y., Luo, S. Q., Zhang, J. L., Huang, M. Q., Chen, F., Zheng, F., Sun, X., & Li, H. (2018). Characterization of key aroma compounds in Meilanchun sesame flavor style baijiu by application of aroma extract dilution analysis, quantitative measurements, aroma recombination, and omission/addition experiments.RSC Advances, 8(42), 23757-23767. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C8RA02727G. PMid:35540260.
    http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C8RA02727G...
    ). A total of 18 kinds of alcohols were detected in three different wine samples. Studies have shown that a small amount of higher alcohol can make fruit wine have a delicate smell and phenylethyl alcohol may produce a rose aroma (Englezos et al., 2018Englezos, V., Rantsiou, K., Cravero, F., Torchio, F., Pollon, M., Fracassetti, D., Ortiz-Julien, A., Gerbi, V., Rolle, L., & Cocolin, L. (2018). Volatile profile of white wines fermented with sequential inoculation of Starmerellabacillaris and Saccharomycescerevisiae.Food Chemistry, 257, 350-360. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.03.018. PMid:29622221.
    http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.201...
    ). Because the threshold of aromatic alcohols is generally shallow, the aroma value of aromatic alcohols is very high, which plays a vital role in the formation of overall aroma (Yang et al., 2012Yang, Y. L., Shen, H. L., & Kan, J. Q. (2012). Analysis of Aroma-active Components in Purple Potato Wine during Fermentation.Shipin Kexue, 33(12), 242-246.).

    Acid compounds

    Acid is another important factor affecting the flavor characteristics of rice wine, mainly from volatile saturated fatty acids represented by acetic acid (Siebert et al., 2018Siebert, T. E., Barter, S. R., Lopes, M. A. D., Herderich, M. J., & Francis, I. L. (2018). Investigation of ‘stone fruit’ aroma in Chardonnay, Viognier and botrytis Semillon wines.Food Chemistry, 256, 286-296. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.02.115. PMid:29606450.
    http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.201...
    ). Acetic acid is the acid substance with the highest relative content in all samples, not only an aroma substance but also an important sour substance (Niu et al., 2017Niu, Y. W., Yao, Z. M., Xiao, Q., Xiao, Z. B., Ma, N., & Zhu, J. C. (2017). Characterization of the key aroma compounds in different light aroma type Chinese liquors by GC-olfactometry, GC-FPD, quantitative measurements, and aroma recombination.Food Chemistry, 233, 204-215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.04.103. PMid:28530568.
    http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.201...
    ; Yu et al., 2019Yu, H. Y., Xie, T., Xie, J. R., Ai, L. Z., & Tian, H. X. (2019). Characterization of key aroma compounds in Chinese rice wine using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-olfactometry.Food Chemistry, 293, 8-14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.03.071. PMid:31151652.
    http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.201...
    ).Four kinds of acids were detected in three different wine samples. Acids have a nonnegligible effect on the taste of rice wine, such as caprylic acid, which can produce a marshmallow aroma (Wei et al., 2018Wei, X. F., Ma, X. L., Cao, J. H., Sun, X. Y., & Fang, Y. L. (2018). Aroma characteristics and volatile compounds of distilled Crystal grape spirits of different alcohol concentrations: wine sprits in the Shangri-La region of China.Food Science and Technology), 38(Suppl. 1), 50-58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/fst.12117.
    http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/fst.12117...
    ).

    Other substances

    Other substances detected in the three wine samples include olefins, alkanes, ethers, furans, thiophenes, aldehydes and ketones. Acetal is a unique component in wine cake wine samples, and its relative content is 1.0409%. According to the data, acetal usually has a pleasant aroma. Hexanal is a unique and high-content aroma component in mashed lees, with raw oil, grassy and apple aromas. Diisopentyl ether is a unique and relatively high-content aroma component in the mead sample, which has a pleasant fruity aroma. Nonanal is a unique ingredient in fermented glutinous rice, with grassy, citrus, and soapy flavors (Fan et al., 2015Fan, H. Y., Fan, W. L., & Xu, Y. (2015). Characterization of key odorants in chinese chixiang aroma-type liquor by gas chromatography-olfactometry, quantitative measurements, aroma recombination, and omission studies.Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 63(14), 3660-3668. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf506238f. PMid:25797496.
    http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf506238f...
    ; Zhang et al., 2012Zhang, C. L., Ao, Z. H., Chui, W. Q., Shen, C. H., Tao, W. Y., & Zhang, S. Y. (2012). Characterization of the aroma-active compounds in Daqu: a tradition Chinese liquor starter.European Food Research and Technology, 234(1), 69-76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00217-011-1616-4.
    http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00217-011-161...
    ). Each aroma component detected in rice wine has its unique smell, which has a certain impact on the quality of rice wine.

    The aroma components of rice wine fermented by different koji were analyzed by HS-SPME combined with GC-MS combined technology, and a total of 81 aroma components were detected in the three koji-fermented wine samples. After analysis, it can be seen that the difference in the quality of the three wine samples is mainly reflected in the difference in aroma composition and its relative content. The relatively high aroma components detected in the three wine samples were ethyl decanoate, ethyl palmitate, ethyl Oleate, ethanol, phenylethyl alcohol and acetic acid. The analysis results showed that ethyl decanoate, ethanol, phenylethyl alcohol and acetic acid were significantly different in the three wine samples. Therefore, the content and types of esters and the ratio and interaction of esters, alcohols and acids in rice wine play an important role in the quality of rice wine, and the joint action of aroma components affects the quality of rice wine.

    • Practical Application: In this paper, the effects of three kinds of koji on the volatile aroma components of rice wine were studied by HS-SPME-GC-MS. The data presented for production of rice wine can be used to develop similar products in food industries.

    • Cai, W. C., Tang, F. X., Guo, Z., Guo, X., Zhang, Q., Zhao, X. X., Ning, M., & Shan, C. (2020). Effects of pretreatment methods and leaching methods on jujube wine quality detected by electronic senses and HS-SPME-GC-MS.Food Chemistry, 330, 127330. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127330 PMid:32569941.
      » http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127330

    • Cao, Y. X., Wu, Z. F., & Weng, P. F. (2020). Comparison of bayberry fermented wine aroma from different cultivars by GC-MS combined with electronic nose analysis.Food Science & Nutrition, 8(2), 830-840. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.1343 PMid:32148792.
      » http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.1343

    • Chen, L. H., Li, D. N., Ren, L. X., Song, S. Q., Ma, X., & Rong, Y. Z. (2021). Effects of simultaneous and sequential cofermentation of Wickerhamomyces anomalus and Saccharomyces cerevisiae on physicochemical and flavor properties of rice wine.Food Science & Nutrition, 9(1), 71-86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.1899 PMid:33473272.
      » http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.1899

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    • Publication in this collection
      10Mar2023
    • Date of issue
      2023
    • Received
      30Nov2022
    • Accepted
      17Jan2023

    Authorship

    Zhenmin YAN **Corresponding author: yanzhenmin1978@163.com

    School of Food Science, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China

    Linling LV

    School of Food Science, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China

    Huimin LUO

    School of Food Science, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China

    Zhong JIN

    School of Food Science, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China

    • *Corresponding author: yanzhenmin1978@163.com

    SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

    School of Food Science, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China

    Figures | Tables

    • Figures (3)
    • Tables (1)

    Figure 1
    Total ion chromatogram of volatile components in wine cake fermented rice wine.

    Figure 2
    Total ion flow diagram of volatile components of fermented rice wine from fermented glutinous rice.

    Figure 3
    Total ion chromatogram of volatile components in bee fermented rice wine.

    Table 1
    Aroma components of rice wine fermented with different koji.

    Figure 1 Total ion chromatogram of volatile components in wine cake fermented rice wine.

    Effects of different koji on aroma components of Rice Wine (8)

    Figure 2 Total ion flow diagram of volatile components of fermented rice wine from fermented glutinous rice.

    Effects of different koji on aroma components of Rice Wine (9)

    Figure 3 Total ion chromatogram of volatile components in bee fermented rice wine.

    Effects of different koji on aroma components of Rice Wine (10)

    Table 1 Aroma components of rice wine fermented with different koji.

    Serial number Chemical compound Relative content of Jiuqu(%)
    Wine cake fermented glutinous rice Bee
    1 Isoamyl acetate 0.1732 0.8219 0.2856
    2 Ethyl hexanoate 0.1946 0.2721 0.2688
    3 2-methoxy isopropyl cyanoacetate 0.7652 - -
    4 2-Hydroxypropionate ethyl ester 0.0807 - -
    5 Ethyl acetate - 5.2512 -
    6 Ethyl octanoate 2.4718 0.7102 -
    7 Ethyl nonanoate 0.0843 0.0524 0.0756
    8 Ethyl decanoate 4.1014 0.9093 1.0858
    9 Diethyl succinate 0.2022 0.3015 0.3473
    10 Trimethylene acetate 0.0269 - -
    11 phenylethyl acetate 1.4804 0.572 0.582
    12 Ethyl laurate 1.2412 0.4429 0.3869
    13 Ethyl myristate 1.4484 1.2175 1.5346
    14 Ethyl N-ethylcarbamate 0.0156 - -
    15 Ethyl palmitate 5.0291 5.7204 6.0327
    16 9-Hexadecenoicacid 0.2452 - -
    17 Methyl 17-methyl stearate 0.0854 - -
    18 Ethyl Oleate 1.0138 1.0581 1.2195
    19 Ethyl linoleate 2.9906 2.3812 3.4513
    20 Ethyl heptanoate - 0.0428 0.044
    21 Ethyl lactate - 0.5286 -
    22 Hexyl formate - 0.1268 -
    23 Ethyl trans-4-decenoate - 0.1888 0.271
    24 Methyl α-methyl phenylacetate - 0.0344 -
    25 Ethyl phenylacetate - 0.1218 -
    26 Ethyl pentadecanoate - 0.0409 -
    27 Ethyl octadecanoate - 0.1137 0.1002
    28 Lsoamyl formate - - 4.9665
    29 Ethyl L(-)-lactate - - 0.1734
    30 Ethyl undecanoate - - 1.3019
    31 Ethanol 52.5054 58.0068 59.0175
    32 Isobutanol 2.338 0.7264 0.6185
    33 Lsoamyl alcohol 7.0454 6.978 -
    34 2,3-Butanediol 1.9168 0.6708 1.5985
    35 1,2-Propanediol 0.052 - -
    36 Furfuryl alcohol 0.0565 - -
    37 Phenylethyl alcohol 8.1809 6.8121 7.5048
    38 Glycerol 0.4533 - -
    39 1-Butanol - 0.0665 -
    40 1-Octen-3-ol - 0.226 0.1429
    41 1-Heptanol - 0.0435 -
    42 Diisobutylcarbinol - 0.0513 -
    43 1-Octanol - 0.2111 -
    44 1-Nonanol - 0.1094 0.1134
    45 3-Methylthiopropanol - 0.0597 0.0592
    46 n-Hexyl alcohol - - 0.0783
    47 (2S,3S)-(+)-2,3-Butanediol - - 0.7145
    48 Trans-2-Octen-1-ol - - 0.0624
    49 Acetal 1.0409 - -
    50 3-ethoxy-1-propanol 0.0327 - -
    51 Acetic acid 0.8314 1.6284 2.8759
    52 2-Furaldehyde 0.1158 0.1105 0.1395
    53 n-Pentadecane 0.0506 0.122 0.0846
    54 Benzaldehyde 0.0497 - -
    55 n-Hexadecane 0.0372 - 0.0543
    56 l-Caryophyllene 0.0947 - -
    57 Naphthalene 0.0623 0.0501 0.0803
    58 2-methylthiolane 0.5481 0.0521 0.1271
    59 Hexanoic acid 0.0254 0.0481 0.03
    60 3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexylamine 0.0342 - -
    61 2-Methylnaphthalene 0.0605 0.0537 0.0342
    62 Octanoic acid 0.0367 - 0.0352
    63 4-Ethylphenol 0.1262 0.0964 0.1625
    64 2-Methoxy-4-vinylphenol 0.0598 0.0438 0.0426
    65 Palmitic acid 0.5234 - -
    66 Hexanal - 0.0498 -
    67 2-Pentylfuran - 0.0415 -
    68 3-Octanone - 0.1473 0.0518
    69 Styrene - 0.035 -
    70 6-Methyl-5-hepten-2-one - 0.028 -
    71 1-Nonanal - 0.0379 -
    72 Nonadecane - 0.0928 -
    73 2,5-Dithiobiurea - 0.0851 -
    74 Dicyclohexano-18-crown-6 (mixture isomeres) - 0.0387 -
    75 Diisopentyl ether - - 0.104
    76 Geranyl acetone - - 0.0517
    77 1-Methylnaphthalene - - 0.0856
    78 Diisoamylamine - - 0.0482
    79 Azidotrimethylsilane - - 0.0913
    80 Trimethylethoxysilane - - 0.0741
    81 Diglycerol - - 0.755
    • Note: “-” is not checked out.

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